CIVIL ENGINEERING

Civil engineering is a professional engineering discipline that uses knowledge of calculus, mechanics, hydraulics and chemistry to develop the design, construction and maintenance of infrastructure deployed in the environment, including roads, railways, bridges, canals, dams, ports, airports, dams and related structures. Civil engineering is the oldest after military engineering, hence its name to distinguish non-military and military activities. Civil engineers hold positions in virtually all levels in the public sector from the municipal level to the government and in the private sphere from the small independent consultants working at home until hired in large international companies.

History of civil engineerin

Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginning of human existence. The earliest practices of Civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000. C. In ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia when humans started to abandon a nomadic existence, creating the need for a shelter. During this time the transport began to increase its importance, which led to the development of the wheel and sailing.

Until the modern age there is no clear distinction between civil engineering and architecture, and the term engineer and architect suffered variations referring to the same person, even intercambiándose.7 Building the Pyramids of Egypt between 2700 and 2500 BC could be considered the first samples of large constructions. Other historic buildings include the water management system of Qanat, 8 Ictino the Parthenon in Ancient Greece (447-438 a.), The Appian Way by Roman engineers or the Great Wall of China in 220 BC, or irrigation works in Anuradhapura. Of all the ancient civilizations perhaps the most developed in civil engineering was the Romans who pioneered the construction of a network of roads, aqueducts, harbors, bridges, dams and sewers

In the eighteenth century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all the engineering as opposed to civil use of military engineering (artillery, ballistics, building defenses ...). In 1747 the school's oldest civil engineering world is created, the École nationale des ponts et chaussées in Paris, which continues today. The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John Smeaton who constructed the lighthouse Eddystone.4 6 In 1771 Smeaton and some colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of professionals who met daily to discuss their profession. Through these meetings, professional societies we know today were formed.

CAREER GOALS:

The objective of this event is to train Civil Engineers, senior professionals, innovative and able to face the new challenges of modernity are endowed with a formation that integrates knowledge of the scientific, engineering, management and humanist, who harmoniously. Graduates of this career professional will be able to plan, design, plan, build and manage works and civil engineering systems, such as buildings, structures, roads, bridges, tunnels, canals, dams, airports, harbor works, water supply systems and waste disposal and other components designed to meet needs of society.

Additionally, in their training, it seeks to promote skills development in the field of management, leadership and teamwork, with an overview of the problems that exist within an organization.

Branches of civil engineering

There are several sub specialties and disciplines within the career of civil engineer and most civil engineers work focused on a specialty. All have in common the need for advanced mathematical and physical knowledge and the ability to solve problems optimally.

• structural engineering

While skyscrapers are buildings designed by architects, structural study usually comes from a structural engineer that is an area of civil engineering.

• geotechnical engineering

Geotechnical engineering estimate ensures resistance between particles of the crust of a different nature, particle size, moisture, cohesiveness, and the properties of soils in general, in order to ensure interaction with the structure of the soil. Also makes the design of the foundation or support for buildings, bridges, etc.

• hydraulic engineering

Besides the study of dams, hydraulic engineering pipelines, canals, maritime events and any structure that has to be affected by water are studied.

• Transportation engineering

The transport engineering deals with the study of traffic, transport and mobility of populations in order to increase comfort, reduce travel time and increase safety on journeys of people.

• Materials Engineering

One of the most important aspects of civil engineering is engineering materials. This branch of civil engineering studies the properties of materials used in the construction of civil works and hydraulic concrete, asphalt concrete, steel and polymer, among many others.

• Roads and pavements

It is the area of ​​responsible civil engineering design and maintenance of roads and structures. A dedicated Road Infrastructure and pavements engineer must have knowledge in the following areas:

• Geometric design of roads

• Design of pavements (rigid and flexible) and its optimization.

• Materials Engineering

Fields of application

Its scope is broad. They would, for example, transport infrastructure:

• Airports

• Highways

• Roads

• Railways

• Ports

• Bridges

• urban transport networks

Hydraulic works:

• Sewer

• Waterwheels

• Channels to transport drinking water or irrigation

• navigation Channels

• potable water piping

• Hydroelectric

• Depuradoras

• Dams

• Locks

• Docks.

• Dams

The structures that make up the earlier works:

• Embankments

• Joints

• Works containment field

• Tunnels

• Shoes

• Pillars

• Beams

• Boards of bridges

In general, civil engineering work involves a lot of people (sometimes hundreds or even thousands) over periods ranging from a few weeks or months to several years.

Due to the high cost of the works that are undertaken (think of the cost of a road or a railway line) much of the work performed are for the state or for large companies seeking the exploitation of an infrastructure long term. However, their techniques are also applied to such works to the above but smaller scale, as could be:

• Containment of difficult terrain in the excavation for the foundation of a building.

• The implementation of the structure of a building.

• The design and implementation of systems for water distribution and sewage from a small population (including the stations of potable water (ETAP), equipment pumping stations sewage treatment plant (WWTP), etc..

• The design and development of the streets of a small town

Moreover, they are also responsible for a civil engineer:

• Planning, design and control of urban transport systems, including the design of heat exchangers and the creation of new lines or modifying existing ones.

• Adoption of new transportation systems do not exist at that time, as lines underground or light rail (more commonly known as tram).

• The development and studies related to transport and logistics jobs.

• The preparation of studies, plans and development projects, land and environmental management.

• Planning, implementation and management of treatment plants or waste incineration and landfills.

• Work auxiliary engineering (quality control, laboratory testing, monitoring of health and safety issues).

• Maintenance of all previous

Thus, a civil engineer is not limited to large infrastructure works, very rare due to its high cost.

SPECIFIC TASKS OR FUNCTIONS PERFORMED IN THE PROFESSION.

1. -Plans and evaluates civil works projects, studying profitability and social impact; and recognizes the adverse ecological consequences.
2. -Coordinates the work of interdisciplinary teams and specialists in various branches of civil engineering works for various projects.
3. -Plan the most appropriate use of natural and human resources of large areas, such as river basins, urban developments, roads, etc..
4. -Apply probability and statistical methods to forecast population growth, determination of winds in the area, rainfall and maximum possible avenues, among others.
5. -Gesta new infrastructure projects.
6. -Make the design and calculation of infrastructure works
7. -Evaluates, manages, plans and manages infrastructure projects
8. - Make the design and study of the structural design of foundations and structural works of resistant structures of all types and size relating the behavior of the different structural elements with the resistance of the materials used in its construction and the mechanical properties of these (such as steel , concrete, soil, rocks, plastics) as well as the burdens, besides considering resilience to strong seismic impacts.
9. - In the Hydraulics area studies and analyzes events of the hydrological cycle, water quality, etc.. for advisory work related use planning and management of water resources in rivers and groundwater for irrigation, power generation, etc..
10. - In the study, design, calculation, management, inspection, construction, operation and / or maintenance of works of reservoir, diversion, irrigation, drainage, drainage, and water uptake and hydro facilities for hydraulic use.
11. -In the study, design and calculation of transport routes in all its forms, such as harbor works, airports and navigation, roads and railways.
12. - Involved in matters concerning health and safety at work, as well as issues of legal, economic and financial type, arbitration, expertise and appraisals in the area of ​​Civil Works.
13. -Performs cost analysis and project budget.
14. -Create own technology through research.
15. -With his degree evaluates projects and civil works firm plans giving approval.
16. -Participates in the area of ​​teaching and research.

TOOLS, MACHINERY AND MATERIALS NEEDED IN CIVIL ENGINEERING:

Civil engineers build structures such as bridges, roads and waterways, and for that they need to rely on very precise tools and know how to properly handle them. Without technology and state of the tools, materials and the most advanced construction vehicles, building structures would not be so sure. Civil engineers are based on the following tools to make your work easier and more efficient.

TOOLS

·         alcotana

·         chisel

·         I chisel.

·         Fisurómetro

·         Cable cat

·         electric Stapler

·         Llana

·         Pot (tool)

·         mallet

·         shovel

·         Trowel

·         Pico (tool)

·         Nail gun

·         plummet

·         Pointer stonemason

·         Scraper

HEAVY MACHINERY

Under the name of construction machinery group of machines used in construction activities in order to remove some of the soil layer, so as to modify the profile of the earth according to project requirements include specific engineering.

Example of some heavy machinery:

·         Hydraulic excavator

·         Crawler Tractor ("bulldozer")

·         backhoe

·         Scraper or scraper

·         Grader

·         cylinder Compactor

·         dredge

·         Tipper

·         Crane

·         Trencher

·         Asphalt Paver

·         Bagger

TOOLS AND LIGTH EQUIPMENT

·         trowel

·         Rammers Or Flat

·         Concrete Pumps, Concrete

·         Vibrator For Concrete

·         Mixer

·         Concrete Polisher

·         Cillaza

·         scaffold

·         formwork

·         saw

·         drill

MATERIALS:

Type

Considering the raw material used for manufacturing, building materials can be classified into several groups:

Sand

Sand is used as part of mortars and concretes

• Arena:

• Glass,

• Fiberglass

• (GRC, GRP)

• Cellular glass

CLAY

The clay is chemically similar to the sand contains, besides silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide and water. This material is used in several ways:

• Barro,

• Cob.

• Adobe.

• Brick.

• Teja

• Gres,

• Tile.

STONE

The stone can be used directly without being processed or as raw material for other materials. The types of stone used in construction more highlights:

• Granite,

• Paver.

• Marble.

• Blackboard.

• Limestone.

• Sandstone.

• Gravel.

• Cal

• Gypsum.

• Cement.

• Terrazzo.

• Artificial stone.

• Slate.

• Drywall.

• Rockwool.

METALLIC

The most used are iron and aluminum. The first is alloyed with carbon to form:

• Steel.

• Aluminum profiles

• Round

• stainless steel

• Corten Steel

• Aluminum.

• Zinc.

• Titanium.

• Copper.

• Lead.

ORGANIC

• Wood

• Plywood

• OSB

• Chipboard

• Wood cement

• Linoleum.

• Guadua

SYNTHETICS

• PVC.

• Polyethylene.

• vapor barrier

• Polystyrene

• Polypropylene

• Polyurethane.

• Polyester

• ETFE.

• EPDM.

• Neoprene,

• Epoxy Resin.

• Acrylics

• Silicone.

• Asphalt.

ADVANCES IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

Advances in civil engineering allow you to create great works for its size and complexity.

Skyscrapers over 500 meters, bridges that extend for more than 2 km airborne, linking continents or islands seem to fly over the mountains; railroad tracks under the sea ... science, technology and inspiration enable humans to create works of civil engineering that make the impossible into the unbelievable.

  Among the countries that have achieved further technological development in this area are: Germany, Japan, USA, Russia, Holland, Sweden, China and Denmark. In Latin America are: Chile, Argentina and Mexico. This is because they are the ones who invest more in education and technology for this race. Some of the great advances that we would mention the following:

- Earthquake resistant structures

- Airport hospitalizations kansai, japan

- Kaiya, artificial beach in japan

- The Resund link

- Off shore wind park

- Vertical Cities

- Millau, the highest bridge in the world

- The 3 Gorges Dam

- Tunnel under the English Channel

- G-CANS new sewer tokyo

- Eurotunnel

- Palm Island, Dubai